ÆøÌå·Ö×ÓÔ˶¯ÂÛ»ù´¡

2008-09-05 Õæ¿Õ¼¼ÊõÍø Õæ¿Õ¼¼ÊõÍøÕûÀí

    1. ´¦ÓÚƽºâ״̬µÄÀíÏëÆøÌå·Ö×Ó£¬ÆäÈÈÔ˶¯Ëٶȵķֲ¼·þ´ÓÂó¿Ë˹ΤËٶȷֲ¼¶¨ÂÉ¡£ÆøÌå·Ö×ÓÈÈÔ˶¯ÂʽéÓÚv¡«v+dvÖ®¼äµÄ¼¸ÂÊΪ
    dN/N = F£¨v£©dv = 4π£¨mo/2πkT£©3/2·exp·£¨-mov2/2kT£©·v2dv         (9)
    Ê½ÖÐF£¨v£©ÊÇËÙÂÊv£¨m/s£©µÄÁ¬Ðøº¯Êý£¬³ÆΪËÙÂÊ·Ö²¼º¯Êý¡£mo = M/NA £¬ÎªÒ»¸öÆøÌå·Ö×ÓµÄÖÊÁ¿(kg)¡£
    ÀûÓÃËÙÂÊ·Ö²¼º¯Êý£¬¿ÉÒÔ¼ÆËã³ö·´Ó³·Ö×ÓÈÈÔ˶¯Ç¿¶ÈµÄÈýÖÖÌØÕ÷ËÙÂÊ¡£×î¿É¼¸ËÙÂÊvm ÊÇÔÚÆøÌå·Ö×ÓËù¾ßÓеĸ÷ÖÖ²»Í¬ÈÈÔ˶¯ËÙ¶ÈÖгöÏÖ¼¸ÂÊ×î´óµÄËٶȣ¬¼´ÓëF(v)×î´óÖµÏà¶ÔÓ¦µÄvÖµ£»ËùÓÐÆøÌå·Ö×ÓÈÈÔ˶¯ËٶȵÄËãÊõƽ¾ùÖµ½ÐËãÊõƽ¾ùËÙ¶Èv£»°ÑËùÓÐÆøÌå·Ö×ÓµÄËٶȵÄƽ·½¼ÓÆðÀ´£¬È»ºó±»·Ö×Ó×ÜÊý³ý£¬ÔÙ¿ª·½¾ÍµÃµ½¾ù·½¸ùËÙ¶Èvs¡£ËüÃǵļÆË㹫ʽÈçÏ£º

Âó¿Ë˹ΤËٶȷֲ¼¶¨Âɹ«Ê½


    2£®ÀíÏëÆøÌåµÄѹÁ¦»ù±¾¹«Ê½£¬½«ÆøÌå·Ö×Ó΢¹ÛÈÈÔ˶¯µÄÇ¿ÈõÖ±½ÓÓëºê¹ÛÉϵÄÆøÌåѹÁ¦¶¨Á¿ÁªÏµÆðÀ´£º
    P = 1/3(nmovs2 = 1/3(pvs2)         (11)


     3£®ÆøÌåÖÐÒ»¸ö·Ö×ÓÓëÆäËü·Ö×ÓÿÁ¬Ðø¶þ´ÎÅöײ֮¼äËù×ß¹ýµÄ·³Ì³ÆΪ×ÔÓɳÌ£¬×ÔÓɳÌÓг¤Óж̣¬²îÒìºÜ´ó£¬µ«´óÁ¿×ÔÓɳ̵Äͳ¼Æƽ¾ùֵȴÊÇÒ»¶¨µÄ£¬³ÆΪƽ¾ù×ÔÓɳÌÒ³λ(m)¡£µ¥Ò»ÖÖÀàÆøÌå·Ö×ÓµÄƽ¾ù×ÔÓɳÌΪ(12-¼ûÏÂÎÄ)
     Èç¹ûÊǺ¬ÓÐkÖֳɷݵĻìºÏÆøÌ壬Ôò(13)

    Ê½ÖÐσÊÇÆøÌå·Ö×ÓµÄÓÐЧֱ¾¶(m)£¬Ï±êl¡¢j·Ö±ð´ú±íµÚ1¡¢jÖÖÆøÌå³É·ÝµÄ²ÎÊý¡£
    »¹¿É¶¨Òåµç×ÓºÍÀë×ÓÔÚÆøÌåÖÐÔ˶¯µÄƽ¾ù×ÔÓɳÌλeºÍλi(m)¡£ÐèҪǿµ÷˵Ã÷µÄÊÇ£¬ÕâÀïËù˵µç×Ó»òÀë×ÓµÄ×ÔÓɳ̣¬ÊÇÖ¸µç×Ó»òÀë×ÓÔÚÆøÌåÖÐÔ˶¯Ê±ÓëÆøÌå·Ö×ÓÁ¬Ðø¶þ´ÎÅöײ¼äËù×ß¹ýµÄ·³Ì£¬¶øûÓп¼Âǵç×Ó»òÀë×Ó±¾ÉíÖ®¼äµÄÅöײ£¬ËùÒÔµç×ÓºÍÀë×Óƽ¾ù×ÔÓɳ̼ÆËãʽÖгöÏֵĶ¼ÊÇÆøÌå·Ö×ӵIJÎÊý£¬¶øÓëµç×Ó»òÀë×ӵĿռäÃܶÈÎ޹ء£(14)(15)


    4£®ÆøÌå·Ö×ÓµÄijһ´Î×ÔÓɳÌÈ¡ÖµÍêÈ«ÊÇËæ»úµÄ£¬µ«´óÁ¿×ÔÓɳ̵ij¤¶È·Ö²¼È´·þ´ÓÒ»¶¨µÄͳ¼Æ¹æÂÉ¡£ÆøÌå·Ö×Ó×ÔÓɳ̴óÓÚÒ»¸ø¶¨³¤¶ÈχµÄ¼¸ÂÊΪ(16)
    ÀàËƵؿɵóö£¬µç×Ó»òÀë×ÓÔÚÆøÌåÖÐÔ˶¯µÄ×ÔÓɳ̴óÓÚÒ»¸ø¶¨³¤¶ÈχµÄ¼¸ÂÊΪ(17)(18)
    ÀûÓÃÕâÖÖ·Ö²¼¹æÂÉ£¬½áºÏƽ¾ù×ÔÓɳ̼ÆË㹫ʽ(12)¡«(15)£¬¿ÉÒÔ¼ÆËã³ö×ö¶¨ÏòÔ˶¯µÄÁ£×ÓÊøÁ÷´©¹ý¿Õ¼äÆøÌåʱµÄɢʧÂÊ£¬»ò¸ù¾ÝËùÏÞ¶¨µÄɢʧÂÊÈ·¶¨¿Õ¼äÆøÌåËù±ØÐë´ïµ½µÄÕæ¿Õ¶È¡£
    ÀýÈ磺һ̨Àë×ÓÊøÕæ¿ÕÉ豸ÖУ¬¸ßÄÜÀë×ÓÁ÷ÓÉÀë×ÓÔ´ÉäÏò25cm´¦µÄ°Ð£¬ÈôÒªÇóÀë×ÓÁ÷ÓëÕæ¿ÕÊÒÄÚ²ÐÓàÆøÌå·Ö×ÓÅöײµÄɢʧÂÊСÓÚ5£¥£¬ÄÇôζÈΪ27oCµÄ²ÐÓàÆøÌåѹÁ¦Ó¦Îª¶àÉÙ£¿
    ¸ù¾ÝÌâÒ⣬¿ÉÖªµ±χ=O.25mʱ£¬ÒªÇó Pii£¾χ)≥1£¥¡«5£¥£¬ÓÉ(18)ʽ£¬½â³ö exp(-0.25/λi)≥0.95£¬Ôò λi≥0.25/(-ln0.95)£¬¼´ λi≥4.87m¡£ÔÙ½«´Ë½á¹û´úÈë(15)ʽµÃ kT/πσ2p≥4.87m£»È¡¿ÕÆøµÄ·Ö×ÓÓÐЧֱ¾¶ σ=3.72 × 10-10m£¬ÔòÒªÇó²ÐÓàÆøÌåѹÁ¦ p≤1.38 × 10-23 × 300/(π×3.722×10-20×4.87)£¬¼´p≤1.95 × 10-3Pa¡£


    5£®¹ØÓÚÆøÌå·Ö×Ó¶ÔËù½Ó´¥¹ÌÌå±íÃæ(ÈçÈÝÆ÷±Ú)µÄÅöײÎÊÌ⣬¿ÉÒÔ´ÓÈëÉä·½ÏòºÍÈëÉäÊýÁ¿¶þ·½Ãæ¼ÓÒÔÌÖÂÛ¡£ÈôÒ»Á¢Ìå½ÇdwÓëÃæ»ýÔªdsµÄ·¨Ïß¼äµÄ¼Ð½ÇΪ裬Ôòµ¥Î»Ê±¼äÄÚÓÉdw·½Ïò·ÉÀ´Åöײµ½dsÉϵÄÆøÌå·Ö×ÓÊýÄ¿dNθÓëcosθ³ÉÕý±È£¬Õâ¾ÍÊÇͨ³£Ëù˵µÄÓàÏÒ¶¨ÂÉ£º(19)
    µ¥Î»Ê±¼äÄÚÅöײÔÚ¹ÌÌå±íÃ浥λÃæ»ýÉϵÄÆøÌå·Ö×ÓÊýÄ¿³ÆΪÆøÌå·Ö×Ó¶Ô±íÃæµÄÈëÉäÂÊν(m-2s-1)£¬Æä¼ÆËãʽΪ£º(20)
    ¸ù¾Ýƽºâ״̬µÄ¼ÙÉ裬ÆøÌå·Ö×Ó·ÉÀë¹ÌÌå±íÃæʱµÄ·½Ïò·Ö²¼¼°ÊýÁ¿Ó¦ÓëÈëÉäÏàÒ»Ö£¬Òò´ËÈÔ¿É°´Ê½(19)¡¢(20)¼ÆËã¡£¿ËŬÔøÓàÏÒ·´É䶨ÂÉ»¹ËµÃ÷£¬²»ÂÛÆøÌå·Ö×ÓµÄÈëÉä·½ÏòÔõÑù
Æä·´É䶼·þ´Ó(19)ʽµÄÓàÏÒ¹æÂÉ¡£


    6£®Èç¹ûÁ½¸öÏàÁ¬Í¨µÄÕæ¿ÕÈÝÆ÷ζȲ»Í¬£¬ÄÇôÄÚ²¿ÆøÌå´ïµ½×´Ì¬Æ½ºâʱµÄ²ÎÊýÒ²»áÓвîÒì¡£ÔÚµÍÕæ¿ÕÌõ¼þÏ£¬¼´Õ³ÖÍÁ÷̬ʱ£¬¶þÈÝÆ÷µÄƽºâÌõ¼þÊÇѹÁ¦ÏàµÈ£¬¶þÈÝÆ÷ÄÚÆøÌåѹÁ¦¡¢Î¶ȼ°·Ö×ÓÊýÃܶȼä¹ØϵΪ£º
p1 = p2 ºÍ n1/n2 = T2/T1 (21)
    ÔÚ¸ßÕæ¿ÕÌõ¼þÏ£¬¼´·Ö×ÓÁ÷̬ʱ£¬¶þÈÝÆ÷ÄÚÆøÌå´ïµ½¶¯Á¦Æ½ºâµÄÌõ¼þÊÇÔÚÁ¬Í¨´¦µÄÈëÉäÂÊγÏàµÈ£¬´Ó¶øÓйØϵ£º£¨22£©
    ÕâÖÖÓÉÓÚζȲ»Í¬¶øÒýÆðÆøÌåÁ÷¶¯£¬Æ½ºâʱ²úÉúѹÁ¦ÌݶȵÄÏÖÏ󣬳ÆΪÈÈÁ÷ÒÝÏÖÏó¡£Ëü»á¸øÕæ¿Õ²âÁ¿´øÀ´Îó²î¡£ÀýÈçijÕæ¿Õµç×è¯Èȳ¡ÇøζÈΪ1800K£¬Í¨¹ýϸ¹ÜÁ¬½ÓµÄÕæ¿Õ¹æ¹Ü¹¤×÷ÔÚ300KζÈÏ£¬Èô¹æ¹Ü²âµÃѹǿΪ2×10-4Pa£¬Ôò¿ÉÓÉ(22)ʽËãµÃ¯ÄÚµÄÕæʵÆøÌåѹÁ¦Îª(22-1)

Õæ¿ÕÎïÀí»ù´¡: